About

Daniel L. Rock is a Professor in the Department of Pathobiology at the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. He holds a PhD from Iowa State University and a BSE from Drake University, with postdoctoral training at the University of Pennsylvania-Wistar Institute. His research focuses on virology, including the study of viral pathogenesis and immune responses. He has contributed to the understanding of viral signaling pathways, such as the NF-kB signaling pathway, and has investigated cellular genes affecting virus infectivity. Dr. Rock teaches courses on Principles of Virology and Viral Pathogenesis, and his work has been published in scientific journals, advancing knowledge in veterinary and virological sciences.

Research topics

• Sociology
• Economics
• Virology
• Development economics
• Immunology
• Labour economics
• Economic growth
• Biology
• Medicine
• Geography

Selected publications

• Temporal and spatial characterization of keratinocytes supporting orf virus replication

  Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · 2025-01-31

  articleOpen access

  Reflecting their tropism for keratinocytes, most poxviruses that infect vertebrates replicate to high titers and cause pathology in the skin. Keratinocytes, the main cells of the epidermis, are found in different stages of a differentiation program that produces the critical barrier against environmental damage. While systemic poxviruses (e.g. smallpox virus, sheeppox virus) also infect other cell types, the parapoxvirus orf virus (ORFV), which causes localized infections in sheep and goats, has not been shown to replicate in cells other than keratinocytes. Notably, ORFV infection only occurs after or concomitant with epidermal damage and the subsequent healing response and shows unexplained delayed virus replication in an uncharacterized keratinocyte subpopulation. Using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, qPCR, and a full-thickness wound/infection model in sheep, the natural host, we show that during an initial 2-day eclipse phase viral transcription and viral DNA replication are not detected. Between days 2 and 3 pi, viral transcription is first detected in keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum and upper stratum spinosum in the proliferative zone at the wound margin. These cells are positive for cytokeratin 10, a suprabasal marker; cytokeratin 6, a protein induced during early repair responses; stratum granulosum markers filaggrin and loricrin; and negative for the nuclear proliferation marker Ki-67 and cytokeratin 14, a basal cell marker. This marker profile suggests that keratinocytes supportive of viral replication are engaged in advanced keratinocyte differentiation rather than proliferation.

  PublisherDOI

• How Many Americans Work Remotely? A Survey of Surveys and Their Measurement Issues

  Review of Income and Wealth · 2025-10-28 · 5 citations

  articleOpen access

  ABSTRACT Remote work surged during the COVID‐19 pandemic, but estimates vary widely. To address this, we field the Remote Life Survey (RLS), a nationally representative survey. In October 2020, we find that 31.6% of continuously employed workers always worked from home (WFH), and 21.9% did so sometimes or rarely, totaling 53.5%. We compare our results with government surveys and assess four factors contributing to measurement differences: (a) web versus mail‐based respondents, (b) inclusion of self‐employed workers, (c) occupation mix, and (d) exclusion of pre‐pandemic remote workers. We find that (d) explains most of the discrepancy between the Current Population Survey (CPS) and other measures. Policymakers and researchers relying on CPS data should note that it may underestimate remote work prevalence by up to 25 percentage points. Our preferred estimates suggest that about half of the U.S. workforce worked remotely at least one day per week as of December 2020.

  PublisherOA PDFDOI

• Extending “GPTs Are GPTs” to Firms

  AEA Papers and Proceedings · 2025-05-01 · 2 citations

  articleSenior author

  We extend Eloundou et al. (2024) to build firm-level measures of exposure to large language models (LLMs) with data from two sources: Eloundou et al. (2024) for occupation-level measures of LLM exposure and Revelio Labs for firm-level employee counts by occupation. The results indicate that companies with more technology workers and AI-skilled employees tend to have higher levels of LLM exposure. We also find that differences in LLM exposure are greater between exposure categories than within them, suggesting that integrating LLMs into corporate systems may lead to significant productivity gains.

  PublisherDOI

• Built-in inequity: the hidden cost of the same care for everyone

  International Journal of Integrated Care · 2024-07-30

  articleOpen access1st authorCorresponding

  PHNs are contracted by the Commonwealth to commission primary mental health care treatment and related services in a way that enhances regional service integration that “moves beyond traditional procurement methods” and achieves the best “collective” mental outcomes within the National Mental Health Commission specification of stepped care. A key objective is to minimise differences in healthcare inequities within and between regions for a range of diverse population groups described variously as “vulnerable”, “hard to reach”, “underserviced”, “vulnerable” “disadvantaged”, or “at risk”. Thus, PHNs seek to act in ways that bear on the different drivers of horizontal and vertical equity and, in doing so, level out the competing objectives to the extent possible. Much of the narrative around the work of PHNs focuses on targeting specific priority population groups equality of access to and through. Yet, this leaves aside a crucial question on whether different population subgroups can benefit equally from the same interventions. To assume so and plan and commission services accordingly may risk masking existing inequities. The presentation will focus on measurement-based, planning-based, and intervention-generated inequalities in primary care. It will provide a conceptual schema that may help health service researchers, planners, and commissioners to include these factors within their decision making for integrated care.

  PublisherOA PDFDOI

• GPTs are GPTs: Labor market impact potential of LLMs

  Science · 2024 · 535 citations

  Senior authorCorresponding
  • Economics

  Research is needed to estimate how jobs may be affected.

  PublisherDOI

• Bovine papular stomatitis virus as a vaccine vector for cattle

  Journal of General Virology · 2023-11-17 · 2 citations

  articleOpen accessSenior author

  Virus vectored vaccines are not available commercially for cattle even though compelling potential applications exist. Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), a highly prevalent parapoxvirus, causes self-limited oral lesions in cattle. Ability of virus to accommodate large amounts of foreign DNA, induce low level of antiviral immunity, and circulate and likely persist in cattle populations, make BPSV an attractive candidate viral vector. Here, recombinant BPSV were constructed expressing either Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) glycoprotein gD (BPSV gD ), or gD and gB (BPSV gD/gB ). Immunization of BPSV serologically-positive calves with BPSV gD or BPSV gD/gB induced BoHV-1 neutralization antibodies and provided protection for three of four animals following a high dose BoHV-1 challenge at day 70 pi. Results indicate BPSV suitability as a candidate virus vector for cattle vaccines.

  PublisherDOI

• How Many Americans Work Remotely? A Survey of Surveys and Their Measurement Issues

  National Bureau of Economic Research · 2023-04-01 · 30 citations

  reportOpen access

  Remote work surged during the Covid pandemic but there is disagreement about the extent of the change. To address this question, we field a new, nationally-representative survey: the Remote Life Survey (RLS). We find that in October 2020, 31.6 percent of the continuously employed workforce always worked from home (WFH) and 21.9 percent sometimes or rarely WFH, totaling 53.5 percent. We compare our results with alternative measurement approaches, with a focus on government surveys and provide estimates on the impact of four factors: (a) differences among mail versus web-based survey respondents, (b) differences in the inclusion of self-employed workers, (c) the industry mix of the sample, and (d) the exclusion of people who were already remote pre-pandemic. We find that the last explanation (d) explains the bulk of the difference in estimates between the Current Population Survey (CPS) and other measures of remote work. Policymakers and researchers who turn to the BLS-CPS data series for an estimate of remote work prevalence in the American economy should note that it might be underestimating WFH levels by up to 25 percentage points. Under our preferred estimates, we find that about half of the U.S. workforce worked remotely at least one day each week as of December 2020.

  PublisherDOI

• GPTs are GPTs: An Early Look at the Labor Market Impact Potential of Large Language Models

  arXiv (Cornell University) · 2023 · 542 citations

  Senior authorCorresponding
  • Sociology
  • Labour economics
  • Economics

  We investigate the potential implications of large language models (LLMs), such as Generative Pre-trained Transformers (GPTs), on the U.S. labor market, focusing on the increased capabilities arising from LLM-powered software compared to LLMs on their own. Using a new rubric, we assess occupations based on their alignment with LLM capabilities, integrating both human expertise and GPT-4 classifications. Our findings reveal that around 80% of the U.S. workforce could have at least 10% of their work tasks affected by the introduction of LLMs, while approximately 19% of workers may see at least 50% of their tasks impacted. We do not make predictions about the development or adoption timeline of such LLMs. The projected effects span all wage levels, with higher-income jobs potentially facing greater exposure to LLM capabilities and LLM-powered software. Significantly, these impacts are not restricted to industries with higher recent productivity growth. Our analysis suggests that, with access to an LLM, about 15% of all worker tasks in the US could be completed significantly faster at the same level of quality. When incorporating software and tooling built on top of LLMs, this share increases to between 47 and 56% of all tasks. This finding implies that LLM-powered software will have a substantial effect on scaling the economic impacts of the underlying models. We conclude that LLMs such as GPTs exhibit traits of general-purpose technologies, indicating that they could have considerable economic, social, and policy implications.

  PublisherOA PDFDOI

• Mental health systems modelling for evidence-informed service reform in Australia

  2022-10-08 · 2 citations

  preprintOpen access

  Australia’s Fifth National Mental Health Plan required governments to report, not only on the progress of changes to mental health service delivery, but to also plan for services that should be provided. Future population demand for treatment and care is challenging to predict and one solution involves modelling the uncertain demands on the system. Modelling can help decision-makers understand likely future changes in mental health service demand and more intelligently choose appropriate responses. It can also support greater scrutiny, accountability and transparency of these processes. Australia has an emerging national capacity for systems modelling in mental health which can enhance the next phase of mental health reform. This paper introduces concepts useful for understanding mental health modelling and identifies where modelling approaches can support health service planners to make evidence-informed decisions regarding planning and investment for the Australian population.

  PublisherOA PDFDOI

• Complementary Assets – A New Look

  Academy of Management Proceedings · 2022-07-06

  articleSenior author

  This symposium aims to highlight potential new research directions on complementary assets research. In the seminal study, Teece (1986) proposes the importance of complementary assets in capturing value from innovation. The significance of this foundational idea has inspired an extraordinary breadth of scholarly work that spans across multiple disciplines. At the same time, somewhat paradoxically, due to its immense success, complementary assets have become a theory that often remains in the background for many recent studies. The field has now reached an opportune time to review diverse streams of work, take stock of latest advances, and reflect on its future. Value Capture Through Complementarities in Ecosystems Presenter: Cameron Miller; Syracuse U. Strategy as Orchestrating Patterns of Complementarity Presenter: Anparasan Mahalingam; U. of Utah, David Eccles School of Business AI as Complementary Engines of Growth – Firm Inequality on the Technological Frontier Presenter: Daniel Rock; The Wharton School, U. of Pennsylvania Purposeful Disownership of Assets – Paying Contract Manufacturers to Reduce Termination Cost Presenter: Dongil Daniel Keum; Columbia Business School

  PublisherDOI

Frequent coauthors

• G. F. Kutish

  University of Connecticut

  172 shared

• Zhiqiang Lu

  131 shared

• Claudio L. Afonso

  Oshkosh (United States)

  102 shared

• Gustavo Delhon

  University of Nebraska–Lincoln

  93 shared

• E. R. Tulman

  University of Connecticut

  66 shared

• Laszlo Zsak

  Agricultural Research Service

  50 shared

• Geoffrey J. Letchworth

  Agricultural Research Service

  37 shared

• Vladimı́r Beneš

  European Molecular Biology Laboratory

  36 shared

Labs

• Histology LaboratoryPI

  The Comparative Biosciences Histology Laboratory is a departmental laboratory that provides histologic technical services and support for teaching and research projects.