About

Gayathri Subramanian is an Associate Professor in the Department of Diagnostic Sciences at Rutgers School of Dental Medicine. Her research interests include the management of non-odontogenic face pain, particularly myogenous pain originating from the masseteric and temporalis muscles. She is interested in techniques using Twin Block, a regional nerve block targeting the mandibular nerve's twigs, which can serve as a diagnostic and management tool for differentiating non-dental face pain from toothache. Her work also focuses on reducing opioid prescriptions following third molar extractions, studying the use of Twin Block as an alternative to relieve post-extraction pain, especially in cases performed under sedation where muscle injury risk is increased. Additionally, she researches the pathogenesis and management strategies for Medication-related Osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), emphasizing revitalizing bone resorption by promoting bone formation through anti-resorptive therapy.

Research topics

• Biology
• Medicine
• Genetics
• Computer Science
• Machine Learning
• Virology
• Computational biology
• Physical therapy
• Evolutionary biology
• Immunology
• Surgery
• Pathology
• Internal medicine
• Anatomy
• Physics
• Orthodontics
• Statistical physics

Selected publications

• Concurrent Presentation of Memory‐Related Odours and Sounds Nullified Sleep Reactivation Benefits

  Journal of Sleep Research · 2026-02-17

  article1st author

  Reactivation of recently acquired memories during sleep supports their longevity. Reactivation can be altered during sleep using odours or sounds through a technique termed targeted memory reactivation (TMR). Here, we attempted to selectively weaken memories by reactivating them together with forgetting instructions. We delivered sounds to reactivate spatial memories and concurrent odours to reactivate instructions. Participants learned about the instructions in a Directed-Forgetting task performed with a list of to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten words. One odour was linked with instructions to forget, one with instructions to remember, and a third was not assigned any meaning. During a nap, sounds previously linked with object-location learning were simultaneously presented with these odours. Spatial recall was tested after sleep. Sound cues produced a selective recall benefit for weakly encoded memories. However, memory results did not support the prediction that forgetting could be instilled by the concurrent Forget odour. An encoding-strength-dependent benefit was largest when sounds were presented together with the odour that lacked assigned meaning, whereas the other two odours both disrupted sound-induced memory reactivation. These two odours were linked with instructions and with multiple learning episodes in the Directed-Forgetting task. Accordingly, we infer that reactivation evoked by the Remember and Forget odour cues interfered with the reactivation of spatial memories. Odours also induced a prolonged decline in sigma EEG power (12-16 Hz) that continued at least 10 s after odour offset. Overall, these findings highlight the complexity of memory consolidation during sleep when multiple memories and multiple cues are involved.

  PublisherDOI

• Concurrent presentation of memory-related odors and sounds nullified sleep reactivation benefits

  bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · 2025-07-31 · 1 citations

  preprintOpen access1st author

  Reactivation of recently acquired memories during sleep supports their longevity. Reactivation can be biased during sleep using odors or sounds through a technique termed targeted memory reactivation (TMR). Here, we attempted to selectively weaken memories by reactivating them together with forgetting instructions. We delivered sounds to reactivate spatial memories and concurrent odors to reactivate instructions. Participants learned about the instructions in a Directed-Forgetting task performed with a list of to-be-remembered and to-be-forgotten words. One odor was linked with instructions to forget, one with instructions to remember, and a third was not assigned any meaning. During a nap, sounds previously linked with object-location learning were presented with these odors. Spatial recall was tested after sleep. Sounds produced a selective recall benefit for weakly encoded memories. However, results did not support the prediction that forgetting could be instilled by the concurrent forget odor. The encoding-strength-dependent benefit was greatest when sounds were presented together with the odor not assigned meaning, whereas the other two odors both disrupted sound-induced memory reactivation. We infer that remember and forget odors, due to the linked instructions and/or multiple learning episodes in the Directed-Forgetting task, evoked sleep-based retrieval that interfered with reactivation of spatial memories. Odors also induced a prolonged decline in sigma EEG power (12-16 Hz) that continued at least 10 s after odor offset. Overall, these findings highlight the complexity of memory consolidation during sleep when multiple memories and multiple cues are involved.

  PublisherOA PDFDOI

• STARSHIP Part 2: Disturbed Pressure Reactivity Duration and Magnitude in Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury—Outcome Implications

  Journal of Neurotrauma · 2025-11-01

  articleOpen access

  Cerebral autoregulation (CA) plays a critical role in maintaining cerebral blood flow (CBF) amid fluctuations in systemic blood pressure, with dysfunction increasing vulnerability to secondary brain injury, particularly after traumatic brain injury (TBI). While extensively studied in adults, CA dynamics in pediatric TBI (pTBI) remain relatively unexplored. Studying Trends in AutoRegulation in Severe Head Injury in Pediatrics (STARSHIP), the first multicenter, prospective study on CA in pTBI, investigates the pressure reactivity index (PRx) and its association with outcomes. PRx, calculated as the Pearson's correlation between mean arterial pressure and intracranial pressure, provides insights into the patient's CA status. In this article, STARSHIP Part 2 characterizes PRx disturbances using dose metrics that take the magnitude of PRx disturbance, and the time in which the patient experiences this derangement, into consideration. We calculated the dose (overall and hourly) and percentage time spent with a PRx above thresholds 0-0.4 in 135 children with TBI. Associations with outcome were explored via summary metrics and over time, using uni- and multivariable, and ordinal regression with propensity score matching, correcting for known outcome predictors. Patients with poor outcomes exhibited higher PRx dose and percentage time above threshold, even after adjusting for clinical predictors. Time trend analyses highlighted elevated PRx metrics in poor outcome groups during the first-week post-injury. Duration of impaired pressure reactivity, as denoted by the percentage time a patient spent with a PRx >0, is robustly and independently associated with dichotomized outcome at 12 months post-ictus. Our results highlight the predictive strength of PRx metrics, with percentage time above a threshold of 0 emerging as the most robust indicator of 12-month outcome. This work supports further investigation into the feasibility and impact of interventions guided by real-time CA monitoring in severe pTBI.

  PublisherOA PDFDOI

• Toolkit to promote Paediatric Critical Care staff well-being: a report

  Intensive Care Medicine – Paediatric and Neonatal · 2025-03-05

  articleOpen access1st authorCorresponding

  Abstract Staff working in Paediatric Critical Care globally face many challenges. There has been a plethora of research conducted internationally indicating that staff working in these settings utilise a range of strategies to keep well. The Paediatric Critical Care Society in United Kingdom has created a well-being toolkit for all staff working in paediatric critical care settings both nationally and internationally. This toolkit is novel with ‘lived examples’ from units across the United Kingdom. The aim of this toolkit is to encourage well-being and normalise well-being discussions in Paediatric Critical Care. The toolkit whilst not an intervention, clearly outlines ten aspects of well-being that are crucial to ensuring that staff working on Paediatric Critical Care remain well. These include but are not limited to; spiritual, safety, psychological, environment, leadership, values and priorities and basic needs. Whilst the authors recognise the size of units internationally varies, these key aspects of well-being do not differ and are applicable to any unit. The authors envisage this toolkit as a resource that units can use for implementation of their well-being ambition and practices in an unexacting way.

  PublisherOA PDFDOI

• Dynamic versus fixed cerebral perfusion pressure targets in paediatric traumatic brain injury: a STARSHIP analysis

  EClinicalMedicine · 2025-07-17 · 4 citations

  articleOpen access

  Background: Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) represents a key target for intensive care management of paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Current guidelines recommend a CPP target within the range of 40-50 mmHg but emphasise that these may depend on patient age and the state of cerebrovascular autoregulation. In this analysis, we aimed to compare the fixed targets proposed by the Brain Trauma Foundation to autoregulation-based targets CPPopt (optimal CPP) and LLA (Lower Limit of Autoregulation). Methods: Data were acquired from the STARSHIP study (a prospective, multicentre, observational, research study which enrolled 135 children (median age 96 months (interquartile range 26-152 months)) with TBI between July 2018 and March 2023 across 10 paediatric intensive care units in the UK). In this secondary analysis the dose or percentage time spent below a fixed CPP target of 50 mmHg or CPPopt or LLA (assessed continuously on a minute-by-minute basis and derived by fitting a curve to the relationship between CPP and pressure reactivity index values, as previously described) was compared by outcome using univariable and multivariable methods. ClinicalTrials.gov registration-NCT0688462. Findings: When assessed within ordinal analyses (to account for differences in baseline severity), both hourly dose and percentage time spent below LLA (odds ratio 1.01 [95% CI 1.00-1.02], p = 0.017 and 1.05 [95% CI 1.01-1.08], p = 0.008 respectively) were independently associated with worse outcomes. LLA displayed a dynamic time-trend increasing over time in patients with unfavourable outcome (n = 44, p = 0.003). Overall, LLA exceeded 50 mmHg for more than 45% of the monitoring period across all patients, and for over 35% of the time in the youngest cohort (0-2 years). Interpretation: Dynamic autoregulation monitoring based on LLA was associated with outcomes in paediatric TBI with higher LLA values observed in individuals experiencing unfavourable outcomes. Our findings indicate that the current fixed CPP threshold of 40-50 mmHg may be too low-highlighting the need for further investigation into autoregulation-guided CPP targets. Whether personalised management based on autoregulatory-informed thresholds offers advantages over guideline-based targets remains to be determined and should be investigated in future prospective interventional studies. Funding: Action Medical Research for Childrens' Charity and Addenbrookes Charitable Trust (UK Grant number-GN2609).

  PublisherDOI

• Secure and efficient cloud service ranking using MCDO approach

  AIP conference proceedings · 2025-01-01

  article1st authorCorresponding
  PublisherDOI

• Comprehensive Security Measures for Mobile Phones: Protecting Against Information Theft

  2024-12-05

  article1st authorCorresponding

  Now a days mobile phones becomes one of the single point of contact with all the real world activities like cash payment, media sharing, data storing, etc., to secure our mobile devices from any unsecure connection is the major challenges, especially for naive user. If the mobile devices were compromised by any means then it would be huge loss for the user. Ransomeware, DoS, Phishing etc, these were not only the major attacks happening in real world, out of this, there were an untold common mobile device attacks is information exploitation i.e stealing the user information by sending malicious code into the user mobile phone. Information like user’s banking credentials, personal images/videos, any confidential documents, personal chats etc were common things to be compromised by the third party attackers. In this paper we suggest and recommend some security measures to safe guard the sensitive data from attackers for the common man point of view.

  PublisherDOI

• Adverse jaw outcomes from immune checkpoint inhibitors for head-and-neck cancer? Case reports.

  PubMed · 2024-02-01 · 1 citations

  article1st authorCorresponding

  Radiation treatment plays a mainstream role in the management of head and neck cancers (HNSCC). Adverse effects from radiation therapy include osteoradionecrosis of the jaw, and rarely, pathological fracture. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) such as pembrolizumab are of growing relevance to the management of metastatic and recurrent HNSCC. Adverse impact on bone secondary to medications such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab have been sporadically documented in the literature. The objective of this manuscript is to raise awareness of possible increase in risk for adverse jaw outcomes in patients with HNSCC exposed to both radiation treatment to the jaws and ICI therapy. This manuscript documents adverse jaw outcomes including osteonecrosis and pathological fracture of the mandible in two patients receiving pembrolizumab for management of HNSCC and had received prior radiation treatment. A potential link between immunotherapy and adverse jaw outcomes is consistent with our growing understanding of osteoimmunology, investigating the closely interrelated processes in bone remodeling and immune system function, in health and disease. It is important to ascertain if pembrolizumab poses an incremental risk for such outcomes, beyond the risk from prior radiation, for patients managed with radiation treatment and ICI therapy for HNSCC. The general dentist may encounter such patients either in the context of facilitating dental clearance prior to initiation of chemotherapy, or rarely, with poorly explained jaw symptoms and must be alert to the possibility of occurrence of such adverse jaw events to facilitate timely diagnosis and optimal patient management.

  PublisherDOI

• Implementation of K-Means Clustering in Route Discovery in Ad hoc Networks

  2024-04-29

  book-chapter

  In ad hoc routed networks, a high proportion of RREQ packets cause network congestion, which worsens the data delivery ratio and certain other Quality of Service (QoS) metrics. For instance, in modern ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) protocols control network traffic by advertising detours. It has been established that clustering algorithms are a good substitute for conventional AODV routing. K-means clustering technique is therefore chosen instead of other typical AODV routing equivalents since it is computationally faster than hierarchical grouping with a higher number of variables and produces tighter clusters than hierarchical clustering. Since mobile hosts run on restricted battery resources, the lifespan and performance of the network are increased when energy consumption is reduced. By varying the network size, and the maximum speed of mobile hosts, four performance metrics and energy consumption are assessed for networks with “AODV optimized route discovery using K-means clustering” using the NS-3 simulator. Furthermore, UDP protocol is used at the transport layer and WiFi helper modules enable packet transmission over channels in IP V4-based networks.

  PublisherDOI

• Adverse jaw outcomes from immune checkpoint inhibitors for head and neck cancer? Case reports.

  PubMed · 2024-03-27

  article1st authorCorresponding

  Radiation treatment plays a mainstream role in the management of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Adverse effects from radiation therapy include osteoradionecrosis of the jaw, and rarely, pathologic fracture. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) such as pembrolizumab are of growing relevance to the management of metastatic and recurrent HNSCCs. Adverse impacts on bone secondary to medications such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab have been sporadically documented in the literature. The objective of this manuscript is to raise awareness of possible increase in risk for adverse jaw outcomes in patients with HNSCCs exposed to both radiation treatment to the jaws and ICI therapy. This manuscript documents adverse jaw outcomes including osteonecrosis and pathologic fracture of the mandible in two patients receiving pembrolizumab for management of HNSCC who had received prior radiation treatment. A potential link between immunotherapy and adverse jaw outcomes is consistent with the growing understanding of osteoimmunology, investigating the closely interrelated processes in bone remodeling and immune system function, in health and disease. It is important to ascertain if pembrolizumab poses an incremental risk for such outcomes, beyond the risk from prior radiation, for patients managed with radiation treatment and ICI therapy for HNSCC. The general dental practitioner may encounter such patients either in the context of facilitating dental clearance prior to initiation of chemotherapy, or rarely, with poorly explained jaw symptoms and must be alert to the possibility of occurrence of such adverse jaw events to facilitate timely diagnosis and optimal patient management.

  PublisherDOI

Frequent coauthors

• J. Kenneth Baillie

  Roslin Institute

  70 shared

• James Scriven

  48 shared

• Kathryn Simpson

  25 shared

• Erola Pairo‐Castineira

  Roslin Institute

  25 shared

• Jessica Jones

  24 shared

• Julie Camsooksai

  Intensive Care National Audit & Research Centre

  24 shared

• Francesca Mari

  University of Siena

  23 shared

• Eamon Raith

  University of Adelaide

  22 shared