Figure S8 from <i>MicroRNA-146a</i> Protects against Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Suppression of CCL5

2026-02-20

<p>Single cell data showing levels of various immune cells in DEN-CDHFD treated mice.</p>

The effects of whey protein supplementation on athletic performance and body composition in adolescent soccer players: a randomized controlled trial

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism · 2026-01-01

Although protein supplementation is a common sports nutrition strategy, there is little research on its effects in adolescent athletes. Our objective was to assess the effects of whey protein supplementation on athletic performance and body composition in adolescent soccer players over a 10-week competitive soccer season. Adolescent athletes ( n = 22; 59% female, age: 15.6 ± 0.2 [mean ± SEM] years; BMI percentile: 55.9 ± 6.2%) were randomized to consume either whey protein (PRO; n = 10; 20 g protein) or an isocaloric placebo (CON; n = 12) twice daily. Outcome measures included: estimated V̇O 2 max (1.5 mile run), sprint time (30 yard dash), muscle strength and endurance (quadricep isometric leg extension; maximum voluntary contraction and repetitions to fatigue, respectively), and body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass). Assessments were conducted at baseline and postintervention. V̇O 2 max improved in both groups ( p < 0.001), with greater ( p = 0.04) increases in the PRO versus CON group. Sprint time improved in both groups ( p = 0.03), with no significant differences between groups. Muscle strength was similar across the study for both groups. Muscular endurance declined in the PRO group compared to CON ( p = 0.01). Fat-free mass increased in both groups ( p = 0.02), whereas fat mass was unchanged. Our results indicate that whey protein supplementation during the competitive season in adolescent athletes improved V̇O 2 max compared to control. However, whey protein did not lead to improvements in sprint performance, musculoskeletal fitness, and body composition compared to control. clinicaltrials.gov (NCT05589129)

Figure S3 from <i>MicroRNA-146a</i> Protects against Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Suppression of CCL5

2026-02-20

<p>Tumor burden in male mice at 7 months.</p>

Figure 7 from <i>MicroRNA-146a</i> Protects against Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Suppression of CCL5

2026-02-20

<p>DEN-CDHFD–treated <i>miR-146a</i> female mice have an increased proportion of CCL5-expressing dysfunctional CD8 T cells and an aberrant monocyte population according to scRNA-seq. <b>A,</b> UMAP displaying annotated cell clusters revealed by scRNA-seq using mouse livers. <b>B,</b> The levels of a T cell and monocyte cluster in 2-month-old WT mice, DEN-CDHFD–treated WT mice, DEN-CDHFD–treated <i>miR-146a</i><sup><i>−/−</i></sup> mice, and DEN-CDHFD–treated <i>miR-146a</i><sup><i>−/−</i></sup>; <i>Ccl5</i><sup><i>−/−</i></sup> mice (left to right). DEN-CDHFD–treated mice are 35 weeks old at the endpoint. <b>C,</b> T-cell 1 cluster is composed of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells expressing markers associated with Taa cells, including <i>Ccl5</i>. <b>D,</b> Myeloid markers identifying the monocyte 4 cluster, including <i>Itgam</i>, for which the monocyte 4 cluster has higher expression than other monocyte clusters. scRNA-seq data have been uploaded to the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus database (GSE300674).</p>

Figure S4 from <i>MicroRNA-146a</i> Protects against Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Suppression of CCL5

2026-02-20

<p>Liver pathology analysis by histology in male mice and PBS-vehicle treated male and female mice.</p>

Supplementary Table 3 from <i>MicroRNA-146a</i> Protects against Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Suppression of CCL5

2026-02-20

<p>Raw Data. Individual data points for all charts in main and supplemental figures, with the exception of scRNAseq data which is in the GEO database.</p>

Figure S7 from <i>MicroRNA-146a</i> Protects against Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Suppression of CCL5

2026-02-20

<p>CCL5 expression in CD8s and Taas of DEN-CDHFD treated mice.</p>

Figure 4 from <i>MicroRNA-146a</i> Protects against Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Suppression of CCL5

2026-02-20

<p>Tumor-bearing female <i>miR-146a</i><sup><i>−/−</i></sup> mouse livers contain increased PD-1<sup>+</sup> CD8 T cells and increased aberrant myeloid populations. <b>A,</b> Significantly increased CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells were seen in <i>miR-146a</i><sup><i>−/−</i></sup> livers although no significant change (<b>B</b>) in CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells from <i>miR-146a</i><sup><i>−/−</i></sup> livers was observed. <b>C,</b> Representative flow plots for (<b>A</b>) and (<b>B</b>), showing CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> populations in CD45<sup>+</sup> lymphocytes. <b>D</b> and <b>E,</b> Frequency and representative flow plots for PD-1<sup>+</sup> CD8 T cells from WT and <i>miR-146a</i><sup><i>−/−</i></sup> liver lymphocytes. <b>F</b> and <b>G,</b> Frequency and representative flow plots for cells with the surface marker profile of MDSCs (MDSC-like) in the CD11b<sup>+</sup> population from WT and <i>miR-146a</i><sup><i>−/−</i></sup> liver. <b>H</b> and <b>I,</b> Frequency of and representative flow plots of two populations of myeloid cells (M-MDSC–like cells and maturing monocytes). Bar charts contain dots representing individual mice, and error bars represent mean ± SEM. *, <i>P</i> < 0.05; **, <i>P</i> < 0.01; ***, <i>P</i> < 0.001; ****, <i>P</i> < 0.0001.</p>

Supplementary Table 1 from <i>MicroRNA-146a</i> Protects against Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Suppression of CCL5

2026-02-20

<p>qPCR primers used in experiments</p>

Figure S1 from <i>MicroRNA-146a</i> Protects against Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Suppression of CCL5

2026-02-20

<p>qPCR data showing miR-146a/miR-15b expression in mouse CD8s, myeloid cells, hepatocytes, and human liver</p>